Who was Klemens Von Metternich and what was the Congress of Vienna and the Concert of Europe?
Metternich was an Austrian diplomat who witnessed the popular violence of the French Revolution, and was one of the people in the Congress of Vienna. That congress was a group of people with power who gathered together to restore order by insisting that Europe's dynastic rulers were the only legitimate political authority.The guiding principle of the peace was the balance of powers which basically said that no country could rise up and take over other countries.
Why was it that King Ferdinand's empire in Latin America, however, would not be restored?
When Napoleon had been defeated, local elites in the colonies who resented Spanish imperial control took advantage of the crown's weakness to push for independence.
Describe the Revolt that broke out in conservative Russia. What was it called? What were its causes?
In 1825, a group of army officers known as the Decembrists led an uprising to push the pace of reform. They did this because they believed that Russia could not live up to Alexander's promise to be the "liberator of Europe" (since he had died) without change in its social and political order.
Why were the Europeans more tolerant of the Greek and Serbian revolt against Ottoman rule?
The French and the British viewed the eastern Mediterranean as an important arena of commercial competition while Russians viewed their frontiers with the Ottoman Empire's Balkan holdings as a natural place to exert foreign influence.
Describe the events leading up to revolutions in France, Belgium, and Poland in 1830.
Louis XVIII was given the throne of France by the Congress of Vienna, which he soon succeeded his brother, Charles X. Under Charles's rule, he lost the favor of the people, and they rose up in revolution. In Belgium, the Congress of Vienna joined them to Holland to form a buffer against France. Belgium never agreed to this, and with the energy the energy from France's revolution in 1830 raised Belgian opposition.
Why was there no revolution in Great Britain?
The government was more tolerant to reform, and did so when the people demanded rather than waiting for the people to start a revolution.
Explain the process by which slavery only remained legal in the southern United States, Brazil, and Cuba. (Slavery was legal everywhere in the Atlantic world in 1770)
An abolitionist movement started in England with people beginning to spread the word of the horrors of the trade to sympathetic audiences. The Word spread through the major trade countries (considering the largest one was also the origins of the movement) and eventually virtually the whole world agreed.
Explain the emergence of new political ideologies in the 19th century.
debates about citizenship, sovereignty, and slavery made it clear that issues raised by the French Revolution were very much alive in Europe after 1815. Early nineteenth-century politics did not have parties as we know them today, but more clearly defined groups and competing doctrines, or ideologies, took shape during this time.
What were the questions posed by nationalism?
What exactly counted as a nation, who demanded a nation, and what did their demand mean?
Thursday, February 16, 2017
Tuesday, February 7, 2017
Merchantilism
Mercantilism is the idea of constant trade in a country in which one wishes to export more than they import. This also includes the government having much control over the trade of a country meaning the money goes into the government's hands to strengthen their power over their country and possibly even surrounding ones.
The Balance of Power is the idea that European nations should not dominate one over another, but instead should meet together, and keep their power equal. If one nations becomes too powerful, the other nations will work together to keep its power under control. This also includes if one ruler is ruling multiple nations.
The Middle Passage was the section of the Transatlantic trade where slaves from Africa were being transported to America. This passage put slaves in extremely harsh conditions, and many did not survive.
The Balance of Power is the idea that European nations should not dominate one over another, but instead should meet together, and keep their power equal. If one nations becomes too powerful, the other nations will work together to keep its power under control. This also includes if one ruler is ruling multiple nations.
The Middle Passage was the section of the Transatlantic trade where slaves from Africa were being transported to America. This passage put slaves in extremely harsh conditions, and many did not survive.
Song of Roland Laisses 1-50
Thus far in The Song of Roland, we have seen Marsille devising his plan to get Charlemagne out of Spain, even at the cost of twenty of his people. Charlemagne sends Ganelon to give Marsille his letter, but once there, Ganelon speaks with Marsille's chief adviser, and makes a pact with him to kill Roland and end the war. Ganelon then speaks blasphemy to Marsille on Charlemagne's account, but convinces Marsille to go with his plans to kill Roland.
Friday, February 3, 2017
Chapt. 18
Identify and explain ONE event that occurred in France in 1789 that would support the argument concerning the causes of the French Revolution in the first passage.
In 1789, French elites refused taxation without representation; attacked despotism, or arbitrary authority; and offered an Enlightenment-inspired program to rejuvenate the nation.
Identify and explain ONE aspect of the French Revolution that would support the argument concerning revolutionary ideas made in the second passage.
When you compare the beginning of the Revolution and the end of it (the great terror), you see two completely different worlds. In the first, you see that the people simply wish to be given fairness in exchange for their work, while in the end, they wish to rule themselves, and have become crazed against those who would even think otherwise.
Identify and explain ONE assumption that the author of the first passage would make about the causes and importance of the French Revolution that would not be shared by the author of the second passage.
The first author may have assumed the unity of the people, the middle class and the lower class, while the second author may not have seen that, but instead seen them as just arising to the needs they had.
When you compare the beginning of the Revolution and the end of it (the great terror), you see two completely different worlds. In the first, you see that the people simply wish to be given fairness in exchange for their work, while in the end, they wish to rule themselves, and have become crazed against those who would even think otherwise.
Identify and explain ONE assumption that the author of the first passage would make about the causes and importance of the French Revolution that would not be shared by the author of the second passage.
The first author may have assumed the unity of the people, the middle class and the lower class, while the second author may not have seen that, but instead seen them as just arising to the needs they had.
Thursday, February 2, 2017
Chapter 19
1. The Industrial Revolution in Europe began in northern Great Britain. What circumstances made this process of economic development begin there? **Try to categorize your answers in terms of economic, social, cultural, and political factors. (p. 617-621)
The economic development began in Europe because of large national capitol, interest in commercialization, no internal tolls, easy internal trade, pursuit of wealth, strong trade with well integrated domestic market, and tech style inventions.
2. What was enclosure, and why was it an important factor in the Industrial Revolution? (p. 619)
Enclosure was the action of dividing up the land into large sections. It was an important factor to the Industrial Revolution because it commercialized agriculture which equated to larger profit, but also drove farmers of smaller land off.
3. Certain industries were particularly suitable for the kinds of technological developments that encouraged industrialization. What were these, and where did they exist in Europe? (621-629)
Some of these were tech style, coal and iron, railroads, spinning mule, and the spinning jenny.
4. What was the Spinning Jenny? What was the Cotton Gin? What effect did these machines have on industrial development? (621-622)
The spinning jenny turned cotton into thread six to twenty four times faster than a hand spinner.
The cotton gin separated cotton from seeds producing pure cotton quick and easy.
These machined allowed mass production to occur.
5. Industrial development changed the nature of work and production in significant ways. What were these changes and how did they change the relations between laborers and their employers, or local producers and wider markets? (631-639)
New inventions, such as the spinning jenny and cotton gin, make it easier to produce things needed, so work becomes manning the machine rather than actually doing manual work. This made the employer to employee relationships shift from a mentor ship, a master teaching his art, to one person residing over many people.
The economic development began in Europe because of large national capitol, interest in commercialization, no internal tolls, easy internal trade, pursuit of wealth, strong trade with well integrated domestic market, and tech style inventions.
2. What was enclosure, and why was it an important factor in the Industrial Revolution? (p. 619)
Enclosure was the action of dividing up the land into large sections. It was an important factor to the Industrial Revolution because it commercialized agriculture which equated to larger profit, but also drove farmers of smaller land off.
3. Certain industries were particularly suitable for the kinds of technological developments that encouraged industrialization. What were these, and where did they exist in Europe? (621-629)
Some of these were tech style, coal and iron, railroads, spinning mule, and the spinning jenny.
4. What was the Spinning Jenny? What was the Cotton Gin? What effect did these machines have on industrial development? (621-622)
The spinning jenny turned cotton into thread six to twenty four times faster than a hand spinner.
The cotton gin separated cotton from seeds producing pure cotton quick and easy.
These machined allowed mass production to occur.
5. Industrial development changed the nature of work and production in significant ways. What were these changes and how did they change the relations between laborers and their employers, or local producers and wider markets? (631-639)
New inventions, such as the spinning jenny and cotton gin, make it easier to produce things needed, so work becomes manning the machine rather than actually doing manual work. This made the employer to employee relationships shift from a mentor ship, a master teaching his art, to one person residing over many people.
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